MEDICAL EMERGENCIES AND
MASS CASUALTIES
Abrahams, M.J., et al. 1976, The Brisbane floods,
January 1974: the impact on health. Medical Journal of Australia 2(25):
936_939.
Abrams, T., 1990. The feasibility of prehospital
medical response teams for foreign disaster assistance. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 5(3): 241-246.
Adler, J., 1979. Education and training of medical
students for mass casualty situations. Disasters 3(2): 185-190.
Alexander, D.E., 1985. Death and injury in
earthquakes. Disasters 9(1): 57-60.
Alexander, D.E. 1996. The health effects of
earthquakes in the mid_1990s. Disasters 20(3): 231-247.
Allister, C. 1983. Cardiac arrest after crush injury.
British Medical Journal 287: 531-532.
Alson R., et al. 1993. Analysis of medical treatment
at a field hospital following Hurricane Andrew, 1992. Annals of Emergency
Medicine 22(11): 1721-1728.
American Journal of Nursing 1993. In the Midwest's
still unfolding tragedy, nurses are the lifeline to many of the flood's
victims. American Journal of Nursing 93(9): 73-74.
American Journal of Nursing 1992. In hurricanes'
wake, Florida's and Hawaii's stressed survivors turn to public health nurses
for healing. American Journal of Nursing 92(11): 92-93.
Anantharaman, V. 1992. Burns mass disasters:
aetiology, predisposing situations and initial management. Annals of
Emergency Medicine 21(5): 635-639.
Anderson, R.D. and Tennyson, A.V. 1993. AVMA
emergency preparedness planning. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 203(7): 1008-1010.
Andrews, C.J., Cooper, M.A., Darveniza, M. and
Mackerras, D. 1992. Lightning Injuries: Electrical, Medical and Legal
Aspects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 195 pp.
Andrews, L.G. and Souma, J.A. 1989. Dialysis relief
effort for Armenia. New England Journal of Medicine 321: 264-265.
Angus D.C., et al. 1997. Epidemiologic assessment of
mortality, building collapse pattern, and medical response after the 1992
earthquake in Turkey. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12: 222-
Anon. 1990. Disaster-related deaths from Hurricane
Hugo and the Northern California earthquake. Journal of Emergency Nursing
16(4): 295-297.
Armenian, H.K. et al. 1998. Long term mortality and
morbidity related to degree of damage following the 1988 earthquake in Armenia.
American Journal of Epidemiology 148(11): 1077-1084.
Armenian, H.K., Noji, E.K. and Oganesian, A.P. 1992.
A case control study of injuries arising from the earthquake in Armenia, 1988. Bulletin
of the World Health Organization 70(2): 251-257.
Armenian, H.K. et al. 1997. Deaths and injuries due
to earthquakes in Armenia: a cohort approach. International Journal of
Epidemiology 26(4): 806-813.
Ash, J. and Gomez, M. 1991. Health services are
casualties too. (1990 earthquake in Philippines) World Health 22-23.
Atwater, C. 1983. Cardiac arrest after crush injury. British
Medical Journal 287: 533.
Auf der Heide, E. 1995. Community Medical Disaster
Planning and Evaluation Guide. American College of Emergency Physicians,
Dallas, TX, 182 pp.
Autier, P., Ferir, M.. Hairapetien A. et al. 1990.
Drug supply in the aftermath of the 1988 Armenian earthquake. Lancet 335
(9 June 1990): 1388-1390.
Baba, S., Taniguchi, H., Nambu, S., Tsuboi, S.,
Ishihara, K. and Osato, S. 1996. The Great Hanshin earthquake. Lancet
347(8997): 307-309.
Baesjou, J.F., 1955. Problems of medicine during and
after the flood in the Netherlands. World Medical Journal 2: 351-353.
Baker, F.J., 1980. The management of mass casualty
disaster. In Meislin, H.W., ed., Priorities in Multiple Trauma. Aspen
Publications, Germantown, Maryland, and London: 149-157.
Baker, S., O'Neill, B., Haddon, W. et al., 1974. The
injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries
and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma 14: 187-196.
Bakst, H.J., et al. 1955. The Worcester County
Tornado: A Medical Study of a Disaster. National Research Council,
Washington, D.C.
Bakst, H.J., et al. 1955. The Worcester
County Tornado: A Medical Study of a Disaster. National Research Council,
Washington, D.C.
Bar-Dayan, A., Beard, P., Mankuta, D., Finestone, A.,
Wolf, Y., Gruzman, C., Levy, Y., Benedek, P., VanRooyen, M. and Martonovits, G.
2000. An earthquake disaster in Turkey: an overview of the experience of the
Israeli defence forces field hospital in Adapazari. Disasters 24(3):
262-270.
BAREPP 1987. Earthquake Preparedness Guidelines
for Hospitals. Bay Area Earthquake Preparedness Program, Oakland,
California.
Clark, W.D. et al. 1991. The national (United
States) disaster medical system: a survey and analysis. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 6(1):
Baskett, P. and Weller, R., eds., 1987. Medicine
for Disasters. John Wright, Bristol, UK, 392 pp.
Baxter, P.J., 1990. Medical effects of volcanic
eruptions: I. Main causes of death and injury. Bulletin of Volcanology 52:
532-544.
Baxter, P.J., Tedesco, D., Miele, G., Baubron, J.C.
and Cliff, K. 1990. Health-hazards of volcanic gases. Lancet 336(8708):
176-176.
Baxter, P.J., Bernstein, R.S. and Buist, A.S., 1986.
Preventive health measures in volcanic eruptions. American Journal of Public
Health 76(S): 84-90.
Baxter, P.J. and Kapila, M., 1989. Acute health
impact of the gas release at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, 1986. Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research 39(2-3): 265-275.
Baxter, P.J., Stoiber, R.E. and Williams, S.N. 1982.
Volcanic gases and health: Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua. Lancet 2: 150-151.
Baxter, P.J. 1993. Galeras Volcano, 14 January 1993. Stop
Disasters 16: 3.
Baxter, P.J., Berstein, R.S., Falk, H., French, J.
and Ing, R., 1982. Medical aspects of volcanic disasters: an outline of hazards
and emergency response measures. Disasters 6(4): 268-276.
Baxter, P.J., Ing, R.T., Falk, H. and Plikaytis, B.
1983. Mount St Helens eruptions: the acute respiratory effects of volcanic ash
in a North American Community. Archives in Environmental Health 38(3):
138-43.
Becker, B.M., Handrigan, M.T., Jagminas, L. and
Becker, T.J. 1998. Emergency medical services in the reconstruction phase of a
major earthquake: A case study of the 1988 Armenia earthquake. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 13(1): 35_40.
Beelman, F.C., 1967. Disaster planning: report of
tornado casualties in Topeka. Journal of the Kansas Medical Society 68:
153
Beinin, L., 1985. Medical Consequences of Natural
Disasters. Springer-Verlag, New York, 271 pp.
Benson M. et al. 1996. Disaster triage: START, then
SAVE: a new method of dynamic triage for victims of a catastrophic earthquake. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 11: 117-
Berckmans, P. et al. 1997. Inappropriate drug
donation practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992 to 1996. New England
Journal of Medicine 337(25): 1842-1845.
Bern, C., Sniezek, J., Mathbor, G.M., Siddiqi, M.S., Ronsmans,
C., Chowdhury, A.M.R., Choudhury, A.E., Islam, K., Bennish, M., Noji, E.K. and
Glass, R.I. 1993. Risk factors for mortality in the Bangladesh cyclone. Bulletin
of the World Health Organization 71: 73-78.
Bernstein, R.S. and Buist, A.S., 1984. Public health
aspects of volcanic hazards: evaluation and prevention of excessive morbidity
and mortality due to natural disasters. Disasters 8(1): 6-8.
Bernstein, R.S., Baxter, P.J., Falk, H. et al. 1986.
Immediate public health concerns and actions in volcanic eruptions: lessons
from the Mt St. Helens eruptions, May 18-October 18, 1980. American Journal
of Public Health 76(Suppl.): 25-37.
Better, O.S. and Stein, J.S. 1990. Early management
of shock and prophylaxis of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. New
England Journal of Medicine 322: 825-829.
Biersteker, K. and Evendijk, J.E. 1976. Ozone,
temperature, and mortality in Rotterdam in the summers of 1974 and 1975. Environmental
Research 12(2): 214_217.
Biggers, W.A. et al. 1996. Emergency medical
vehicle collisions in an urban system. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
11: 195
Bissell, R.A. et al. 1991. International
emergency health care system survey. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
6(2):
Blanshan, S.A., 1977. Disaster body handling. Mass
Emergencies 2: 249-258.
Blanshan, S.A. and Quarantelli, E.L., 1983. From dead
body to person: the handling of fatal mass casualties in disasters. Victimology
5.
Blocker, V. and Blocker, T.G., 1949. The Texas City
disaster: a survey of 3,000 casualties. American Journal of Surgery 78:
756
Blong, R.J. and Radford, D.A. 1993. Deaths in natural
hazards in the Solomon Islands. Disasters 17: 1_11.
Bordonado, J.L. 1987. Hospital disaster plan for a
large urban area. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster
Medicine 3(2):
Bouma, M.J., Kovats, R.S., Goubet, S.A., Cox, J.St H.
and Haines, A. 1997. Global assessment of El Nino's disaster burden. Lancet
350(9089): 1435-1438.
Brenner, S.A. and Noji, E.K. 19??. Risk factors for death
and injury in tornadoes: An epidemiologic approach. In Church C. Burgess D.,
Doswell C, and Davies-Jones R (eds) The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics,
Prediction, and Hazards. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.:
543-544.
Brenner, S.A. and Noji, E.K. 1992. Head injuries and
mortality in tornado disasters. American Journal of Public Health 82:
1296-1297
Brenner, S.A. and Noji, E.K. 1992. Wound infections
after tornadoes. Journal of Trauma 33: 643.
Brenner, S.A., Noji, E.K., Perotta, D. and Lillibridge,
S. (in press). Fire ant-related deaths in floods: a newly discovered threat
from fire ants. The American Entomologist.
Bridger, C.A. and Helfand, L.A. 1968. Mortality from
heat during July 1966 in Illinois. International Journal of Biometeorology
12: 51-70.
Brown, L.H. 1996. Does ambulance crew size affect
on-scene time or number of prehospital interventions? Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 11: 214
Brown, R.K., 1966. Disaster medicine: what is it? Can
it be taught? Journal of the American Medical Association 197:
1081-1084.
Budd, A.K. 1989. Disaster management. British
Medical Journal 298(6678): 961-962.
Buist, A.S., Bernstein, R.S., Johnson, L.R. and
Vollmer, W.M. 1986. Evaluation of physical health-effects due to volcanic
hazards: human studies. American Journal of Public Health 76(S): 66-75.
Buist, A.S. and Bernstein, R.S. 1986. Health-effects
of volcanoes: an approach to evaluating the health-effects of an
environmental-hazard: foreword. American Journal of Public Health
76(Supplement): 1-2.
Bull, J.P., 1978. Measures of the severity of injury.
Injury: The British Journal of Accident Surgery 9(3): 184-187.
Burkle, F.M. et al. 1996. Strategic disaster
preparedness and response: implications for military medicine under joint
command. Military Medicine 161: 442-447.
Bussi, B. 1993. Veteranity Action in Case of
Earthquakes. Stop Disasters 12: 12.
Busuttil, A. and Jones, J.S.P. 1992. The
certification and disposal of the dead in major disasters. Medical Science
Law 32(1): 9-13.
Butcher, J.N. 1980. The role of crisis intervention
in an airport disaster plan. Aviation, Space and Environment Medicine 512:
1260-1262.
Campeau, A.G. 1998. Distribution of learning styles
and preferences for learning environment characteristics among emergency
medical care assistants (EMCAs) in Ontario, Canada. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 13:
Carruthers, W.B. and Zavela, D., 1965. A narrative
report of the tornado disaster in the Anchor Bay area. Michigan Medical News
64: 843-
Carter, A.O., Millson, M.E. and Allen, D.E. 1989.
Epidemiologic study of deaths and injuries due to tornadoes. American
Journal of Epidemiology 130(6): 1209_1218.
Casberg, M., 1954. Medical organizations in national
catastrophe. Journal of the American Medical Association 154: 501-506.
Castranova, V.L., Bowman, J.M., Shreve, G.S., Jones,
G.L. and P.R. Miles. 19??. Volcanic ash: toxicity to isolated lung cells. Journal
of Toxicology and Environmental Health 9(2): 317-325.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1996. Deaths
associated with hurricanes Marilyn and Opal, United States, September_October
1995. JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 275(8): 586-587.
Centers for Disease Control 1989. Update:
work-related electrocutions associated with Hurricane Hugo, Puerto Rico. Journal
of the American Medical Association 262(20): 2806.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1992.
Tornado disaster _ Kansas 1991. JAMA, Journal of the American Medical
Association 267(15): 2012-2013.
Centers for Disease Control 1992. Tornado disaster:
Kansas, 1991. Journal of the American Medical Association 267(15):
2012-2014.
Centers for Disease Control, 1979. Tornado mortality:
Wichita Falls, Texas. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 28(17):
193-194.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997.
Tornado_associated fatalities _ Arkansas 1997. JAMA, Journal of the American
Medical Association 278(4): 279-280.
Centers for Disease Control 1989. Medical
examiner/coroner reports on deaths associated with Hurricane Hugo, South
Carolina. Journal of the American Medical Association 262(22):
3111-3112.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997.
Tornado_associated fatalities: Arkansas, 1997. Journal of the American
Medical Association 278(4): 279-281.
Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J. and Hunt, T.K., 1983.
Trauma severity scoring to predict mortality. World Journal of Surgery 7:
4-11.
Chartoff, S.E. et al. 1997. Survey of emergency
medical services on the effects of the 1993 floods. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 12: 210.
Ciuca, R., Downie, C.S. and Morris, M., 1977. When
disaster happens. American Journal of Nursing 77: 454-456.
Clark, W.E., Cowley, R.A., Reutershan, T.P., Estepp,
M.S. and Estepp, M.H. 1987. Implementing and testing the national disaster
medical system within a region. Journal of the World Association of
Emergency and Disaster Medicine 3(2):
Clawson, J.C. et al. 1997. The
wake-effect-emergency vehicle-related collisions. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 12: 274
Cohen, E. 1983. A better mousetrap: what makes the
perfect triage tag? Journal of Emergency Medical Services 12: 30-36.
Cohen, E. 1986. Patient identification: a look at
triage tags. Emergency Medical Services 15(9): 45-49.
Collins, A.J. 1989. Kidney dialysis treatment for
victims of the Armenian earthquake. New England Journal of Medicine 320:
1291-1292.
Copes, W.S., Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J., Lawnick,
M.M., Keast, S.L. and Bain, L.W. 1988. The injury severity score revisited. Journal
of Trauma 28: 69-77.
Costanzo, S. 1992. The role of public health services
in disaster prevention. Disaster Prevention and Management 1(1):
Coultrip, R.L., 1974. Medical aspects of the U.S.
disaster relief operations in Nicaragua. Military Medicine 139(11):
879-883.
Cowan, M.L. and Cloutier, M.G. 1998. Medical
simulation for disaster casualty management training. Journal of Trauma
28: S178_182.
Cowan, M. et al. 1986. Mass casualty planning:
model for in-hospital disaster response. Journal of the World Association of
Emergency and Disaster Medicine 2(1-4):
D’Acchioli, R. 1986. The development and maintenance
of prehospital emergency medical services systems. Journal of the World
Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine 2(1-4):
Dacruz, D. 1989. Disaster management. British
Medical Journal 298(6676): 830.
Davis, A.P. 1996. Targeting the vulnerable in
emergency situation: who is vulnerable? (mortality rates of children and adults
during disasters) Lancet 348(9031): 868-871.
De Ville de Goyet, C. 1987. Volcanic eruption in
Armero. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine
3(2):
De Ville De Goyet, C. and Jeannee, E: 1976.
Epidemiological data on morbidity and mortality following the Guatemala
earthquake. IRCS Medical Sciences 4: 212.
De Pauw, M., Tavernier, R. and Jordaens, L. 1996.
Earthquake tachycardia in Belgium. Heart 76(1): 23.
De Ville de Goyet, C. 1992. Disaster mitigation in
hospital facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Stop Disasters 7:
8.
De Ville De Goyet, C., Lechat, M. and Boucquey, C.,
1976. Drugs and supplies for disaster relief. Tropical Doctor 6:
168-170.
De Boer, J. and Baillie, T.W., 1980. Disasters:
Medical Organization. Pergamon, Oxford, 110 pp.
De Boer, J., Brismar, B., Eldar, R. and Rutherford,
W.H. 1989. The medical severity index of disasters. Journal of Emergency
Medicine 7: 269_273.
De Ville de Goyet, C. 1993. Protecting community
lifelines: mitigation of disasters in hospitals. Stop Disasters 14: 4.
De Bruycker, M., Greco, D. and Lechat, M.F., 1985.
The 1980 earthquake in southern Italy: mortality and morbidity. International
Journal of Epidemiology 14: 113-117.
De Boer, J., 1989. Criteria for the assessment of
disaster preparedness. Journal of Emergency Medicine 7: 481-484.
De Bruycker, M., Greco, D., Annino, I., Stazi, M.A.,
De Ruggiero, N., Triassi, M., De Kettenis, Y.P. and Lechat, M.F., 1983. The
1980 earthquake in southern Italy: rescue of trapped victims and mortality. Bulletin
of the World Health Organization 61(6): 1021-1025.
Di, P. 1998. Access to the dead: the role of
relatives in the aftermath of disaster. The Lancet 352(9133): 1061.
Domeiner, R.M. et al. 1996. The development
and evaluation of a paramedic-staffed mobile intensive care unit for
interfacility patient transport. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11:
37
Duclos, P.J. and Ing, R.T. 1982. Injuries and risk
factors for injuries from the 29 May 1982 Tornado, Marion, Illinois. International
Journal of Epidemiology 18: 213-219.
Duclos, P., Vidonne, O., Beuf, P., Perray, R. and
Stoebner, A. 1991. Flash flood disaster: Nîmes, France, 1988. European
Journal of Epidemiology 7: 365-371.
Duclos, P. and Isaacson J. 1987. Preventable deaths
related to floods. American Journal of Public Health 77: 1474.
Duclos, P.J. and Sanderson, L.M. 1990. An
epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. International
Journal of Epidemiology 19: 673-679.
Duclos, P., Sanderson, L.M. and Lipsett, M. 1990. The
1987 forest fire disaster in California: assessment of emergency room visits. Archives
of Environmental Health 45: 53-58.
Duffy, J.C., ed., 1990. Health and Medical Aspects
of Disaster Preparedness. NATO Challenges of Modern Society, Vol. 14.,
Plenum Press, New York, 184 pp.
Durkin, M.E., Thiel Jr, C.C. and Schneider, J.E.
1994. Casualties and emergency medical response. In Tubbesing, S.K. (ed.) The
Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: loss estimation
procedures. U.S. Geological Society Professional Paper 1553A: 9-38.
Durkin, M.E. 1986. Casualties, hospital response and
response of the health care system. The Chile earthquake of March 3, 1985. Earthquake
Spectra 2(2): 487-497.
Durkin, M.E. and Thiel, C.C., Jr 1992. Improving
public policy aimed at earthquake casualty reduction. Earthquake Spectra
8(1): 95-113.
Durkin, M.E., Thiel, C.C., Jr, Schneider, J.E. and De
Vriend, T. 1991. Injuries and emergency medical response in the Loma Prieta
earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81(5):
2143-2166.
Durkin, M.E. 1989. The role of building evaluation in
earthquake hazard reduction. In Preiser, W.F.E. (ed.) Building Evaluation:
Advances in Methods and Applications. Plenum, New York: 67-80.
Durkin, M.E., 1987. Casualties, search and rescue,
and response of the health care system. (The San Salvador earthquake of October
10, 1986.) Earthquake Spectra 3(3): 621-634.
Durkin, M.E. 1995. Fatalities, nonfatal injuries, and
medical aspects of the Northridge earthquake. In Woods, M.C. and Seiple, W.R.
(eds) The Northridge, California, Earthquake of 17 January 1994.
California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Special
Publication no. 116: 247-254.
Durkin, M.E. and Thiel, C.C. 1992. Improved measures
to reduce earthquake casualties. Earthquake Spectra 8(1): 95-113.
Durkin, M.E. 1989. The role of the physical setting
in earthquake injuries: the Mexico experience. In Lessons Learned from the
1985 Mexico Earthquake. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, El
Cerrito, Calif.: 205-208.
Durkin, M.E., Coulson, A.H., Hijar, M., Kraus, J. and
Murakami, H.O. 1990. The survival of people trapped in buildings. In Disaster
Chronicles no. 3: Earthquake in Mexico. Pan American Health Organization,
Washington, D.C.: 55-70.
Eberhart-Phillips, J.E., Saunders, T.M., Robinson,
A.L., Hatch, D.L. and Parrish, R.G. 1994. Profile of mortality from the 1989
Loma Prieta earthquake using coroner and medical examiner reports. Disasters
18(2): 160-169.
Eidson, M., Lybarger, J.A., Parsons, J.E., et al.
1990. Risk factors for tornado injuries. International Journal of
Epidemiology 19(4): 1051-1056.
Eisele, J.W., O'Halloran, R.L., Reay, D.T. et al.,
1981. Deaths during the May 19, 1980, eruption of Mount St Helens. New
England Journal of Medicine 305: 931-936.
Eldar, R., 1981. A multi-hospital system for disaster
situations. Disasters 5(2): 112-119.
Eldar, R. 1992. The needs of elderly persons in
natural disasters: observations and recommendations. Disasters 16(4):
355-358.
Fahey, M. 1989. Disaster medicine: future challenges.
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 4(1):
Fahey, M. 1987. The training of undergraduate medical
students in disaster and emergency engagement. Journal of the World
Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine 3(2):
Faich, G.A. and Rose 1979. Blizzard mortality and
morbidity, Rhode Island, 1978. American Journal of Public Health 69:
1050-1052.
Falk, H. et al. 1986. Immediate public health
concerns and actions in volcanic eruptions: lessons from the Mt St Helens eruptions,
May 18-October 18, 1980. American Journal of Public Health 76(Suppl):
25-37.
Fawcett, W. and Oliviera, C.S. 2000. Casualty
treatment after earthquake disasters: development of a regional simulation
model. Disasters 24(3): 271-287.
Feldstein, B., 1983. The development and practice of
emergency and disaster medicine in the United States. Disasters 7(2):
86-87.
Feldstein, B. 1985. Emergency medicine in the United
States: role in disaster planning and management. Journal of the World
Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1(3):
Fisher, R.B. and Dearden, C.H., 1990. Improving the
care of patients with major trauma in the accident and emergency department. British
Medical Journal 300: 1560-1563.
Fjaer, R.B. 1997. Primary health care in war and
disaster and the NorAid system. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12:
183
Fogelman, M.J., 1958. The Dallas tornado disaster. American
Journal of Surgery 95: 501-506.
French, J., Ing, R., Von Allmen, S. and Wood, R.,
1983. Mortality from flash floods: a review of National Weather Service Reports
1969-82. Public Health Reports 98(2): 584-588.
Friedsam, H.J., 1960. Older persons as disaster
casualties. Journal of Health and Human Behaviour 1: 12-21.
Fujiwara, M. 1996. The Kobe earthquake: a chance to
serve. Journal of the American Medical Association 275(1): 79, 81.
Garb, S. and Eng, E., 1969. Disaster Handbook.
Springer-Verlag, New York, 310 pp.
Garcia, L.M., ed., 1985. Disaster Nursing:
Planning, Assessment, and Intervention. Aspen Systems Corporation,
Rockville, Maryland, 399 pp.
Germaine, C., ed., 1983. Emergency Care:
Assessment and Intervention. Mosby, St Louis, Missouri, 693 pp.
Ginzburg, H.M., Jevec, R.J. and Reutersham, T. 1993.
The public health service's response to Hurricane Andrew. Public Health
Reports 108(2): 241-244.
Glass, R.I. et al., 1980. Injuries from the Wichita
Falls tornado: implications for prevention. Science 207: 734-738.
Glass, R.I. and Zack, M.M., 1979. Increase in deaths
from ischemic heart disease after blizzards. The Lancet (3 March 1979):
485-487.
Glass, R.I., Wiesenthal, A.M., Zack, M.M. and
Preston, M. 1981. Risk factors for myocardial infarction associated with the
Chicago snowstorm of Jan 13-15, 1979. Journal of the American Medical
Association 245: 164-165.
Glass, R.I., Urrutia, J.J., Sibony, S., Smith, H.,
Garcia, B. and Rizzo, L., 1977. Earthquake injuries related to housing in a
Guatemalan village. Science 197: 638-643.
Gofrit, O.G. et al. 1997. The efficacy of
integrating smart stimulated casualties in hospital disaster drills. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 12: 97
Goldsmith, M.F.
1989. Armenian earthquake elicits aid from all, strengthens
American-Soviet ties. Journal of the American Medical Association
261(3): 341-342.
Golec, J.A. and Gurney, P.J., 1977. The problem of
needs assessment in the delivery of EMS. Mass Emergencies 2: 169-177.
Gonsoulin, S. and Palmer C.E. 1998. Gender issues and
partner preferences among a sample of emergency medical technicians. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 13
Goodman, N.R. 2000. Case report: An identification of
a burn victim by utilizing recent dental extraction healing sites. Disaster
Prevention and Management 9(1): 8_14.
Gorham J.F. et al. 1997. The utilization of
bicycles in the delivery of emergency medical services: a preliminary report. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 12: 173
Gray, R. 1991. Surgery of war and disaster. Tropical
Doctor 21 (supplement 1): 56-60.
Grayson, D.K. 1996. Human mortality in a natural
disaster: the Willie Handcart Company. Journal of Anthropological Research
52(2): 185-205.
Green, C.H. 1988. The Relationships Between Magnitude
of Flooding, Stress and Health. Publication no. 141. Flood Hazard Research
Center, Middlesex Polytechnic, Enfield, 24 pp.
Greenspan, L., McLellan, B.A. and Grieg, H. 1985.
Abbreviated injury scale and injury severity score: a scoring chart. Journal
of Trauma 25: 60-64.
Gregg, M.B., ed., 1989. The Public Health
Consequences of Disasters, 1989. CDC Monograph, Federal Centres for Disease
Control, Atlanta, Georgia.
Grossman, M.D., Thomas, F., Tremper, B. and Saffle,
J.R. 1989. Avalanche trauma. Journal of Trauma 29(12): 1705-1709.
Gueri, M. and Perez, L.J., 1986. Medical aspects of
the "El Ruiz" avalanche disaster, Colombia. Disasters 10(2):
150-157.
Gueri, M. 1986. Eruption of El Ruiz Volcano,
Colombia. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster
Medicine 2(1-4):
Gunby, P. 1994. Time-tested 'hospital' planes, crews
ready for routine or disaster situations. Journal of the American Medical
Association 271(16): 1225-1227.
Gunby, P. 1994. Nearly two millennia later, 'under
the volcano' military medicine stresses disaster preparedness. (US Naval
Hospital, Naples, Italy stages exercise simulating casualties from Mount
Vesuvius eruption) JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association
272(8): 577-578.
Gunn, S.W.A., 1989. Multilingual Dictionary of
Disaster Medicine and International Relief. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, 204 pp.
Gunn, S.W.A. 1995. Health effects of earthquakes. Disaster
Prevention and Management 4(5): 6_10.
Guzmán, N., Paz, M.X., Moreno, N.R. and Niño, F.,
1989. Design and validation of a practical index for trauma assessment. Disasters
13(2): 154-165.
Haines, E.T. and Weidenbach, B. 1993. Planning for
medical support of disasters. Military Medicine 158: 680-683.
Hanna, J.A. 1991. Disaster Planning for Health
Care Facilities (2nd edn). Canadian Hospital Association, Ottawa, 273 pp.
Hanna, J.A. 1995. Disaster Planning for Health
Care Facilities (3rd edn). Canadian Healthcare Association, Ottawa, 373 pp.
Hargreaves, A.G., Krell, G.I., Blakeney, B. and Ryan,
M., 1979. Blizzard 78: dealing with disaster. American Journal of Nursing 79:
268-271.
Hargreaves, A.G. 1980. Coping with disaster. American
Journal of Nursing 80: 683.
Haynes, B.E., Freeman, C., Rubin, J.L., Koehler,
G.A., Enriquez, S.M. and Smiley, D.R. 1992. Medical response to catastrophic
events: California's planning and the Loma Prieta earthquake. Annals of
Emergency Medicine 21(4): 368-374.
Heath, S.E., Dorn, R., Linnabary, R.D., Casper, J.,
Hooks, J. and Marshall, K. 1997. Integration of veterinarians into the official
response to disasters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 210(3): 349-352.
Heath, S.E., Hooks, J., Marshall, K., Dorn, R.,
Linnabary, R.D. and Casper, J. 1997. Participation of veterinarians in disaster
management. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210(3):
325-328.
Heath, S.E., Dorn, R., Linnabary, R.D., Hooks, J.,
Casper, J. and Marshall, K. 1997. An overview of disaster preparedness for
veterinarians. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210(3):
345-348.
Heath, S.E. et al. 1997. An epidemiologic study of
cats and dogs affected by the 1991 Oakland fire. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 210(4): 504-511.
Heath, S.E. and Linnabarry, R. 1993. Potential roles
of veterinary schools in emergency and disaster management. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 203(7): 953-956.
Heckman, J.D., ed. 1992. Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured (5th edn). American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons, Chicago, 889 pp.
Heckman, J.D. 1993. First Responder: Your First
Response In Emergency Care. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons,
Rosemont, Illinois.
Hedges, J.R. et al. 1990. Minimum data set for
EMS report form: historical development and future implications. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 5(4):
Hedges, J.R. 1990. Emergency medicine. Journal of
the American Medical Association 263(19): 2637-2638.
Heller, J.L. 1987. The health and environmental
effects of the Mt. St. Helens volcanic eruption of 1980. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 3(1):
Henderson, A.K., Lillibridge, S.R., Salinas, C.,
Graves, R.W., Roth, P.B. and Noji, E.K. (in press). Disaster medical assistance
teams: providing care to a community struck by Hurricane Iniki. Annals of
Emergency Medicine.
Herman LL, et al. 1996. A comparison of EMS
continuing education for paramedics in the United States. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 11: 292
Hershier, M. and Quarantelli, E.L., 1976. The
handling of the dead in a disaster. Omega 7(3): 196-208.
Heyman, S.N., Eldad, A. and Wiener, M. 1998. Airborne
field hospital in disaster area: lessons from Armenia (1988) and Rwanda (1994).
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 13
Hight, D., Blodgett, J.T., Croce, E.J. et al., 1956.
Medical aspects of the Worcester tornado disaster. New England Journal of
Medicine 254: 267-271.
Hingston, R.A. and Hingston, L. 1983. Respiratory
injuries in earthquakes in Latin America in the 1970s: a personal experience in
Peru (1970), Nicaragua (1972-3) and Guatemala (1976). Disaster Medicine 1:
425-426.
Hlady, W.G. et al. 1993. Use of a modified cluster
sampling method to perform rapid assessment after Hurricane Andrew. Annals
of Emergency Medicine 23(4): 719-725.
Hogerzeil, H.V. and Pinel, J. 1991. The new emergency
health kit. Tropical Doctor 21 (supplement 1): 47-50.
Holloway, R.M., 1977. Operations and planning in
multiple casualty incidents. Mass Emergencies 2: 137-146.
Howe, R.E.G., 1968. The Aberfan disaster. Medical-Legal
Journal 36: 107
Hutton, J.R., 1976. The differential distribution of
death in disaster: a test of theoretical propositions. Mass Emergencies 1:
261-266.
Ishida, T. 1987. General concepts of Japan medical
team for disaster relief and its problems. Journal of the World Association
of Emergency and Disaster Medicine 3(2):
Iyer, R.K. and Bandyopadhyay, K. 2000. Managing
technology risks in the healthcare sector: disaster recovery and business
continuity planning. Disaster Prevention and Management 9(4): 257-270.
Jacob, L.M. et al. 1991. Integration of a
helicopter emergency medical service into a mass casualty response system. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 6(4):
Jacobs, Jr., L.M., Goody, M.M. and Sinclair, A.,
1983. The role of a trauma centre in disaster management. Journal of Trauma
23(8): 697-701.
Jacobs, L., Goody, M. and Sinclair, A. 1983. The role
of a hospital trauma center in disaster management. Journal of Trauma 23:
697-701.
Janing J. 1997. Assessment of a scenario-based
approach to facilitating critical thinking among paramedic students. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 12: 215
Jones, N.P., Noji, E.K., Smith, G.S. and Krimgold, F.
1990. Preliminary earthquake injury epidemiology report. In Bolin, R. (ed.) The
Loma Prieta Earthquake: Studies of Short-term Impacts. Natural Hazards
Center Monograph. Natural Hazards Research Applications Information Center.
Boulder, Colorado: 33-43.
Jones, N.P., Noji, E.K., Krimgold, F. and Smith, G.S.
1990. Considerations in the epidemiology of earthquake injuries. Earthquake
Spectra 6: 507-528.
Jones, N.P., Noji, E.K., Smith, G.S. and Krimgold, F.
1990. Preliminary earthquake injury epidemiology report. In Bolin, R. (ed.) The
Loma Prieta Earthquake: Studies of Short-Term Impacts. Monograph no. 50,
Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado:
33-43.
Jones, N., Smith, G. and Wagner, R. 1994. Morbidity
and mortality in the Loma Prieta earthquake: a review of recent findings. Research
Accomplishments 1986-1994. National Center for Earthquake Engineering
Research, Buffalo, New York: 95-106.
Journal of the World Association of Emergency and
Disaster Medicine 1983. The delivery of disaster emergency medical services:
recommendations from systematic field studies. Journal of the World
Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1(3):
Kalinowski. E. et al. 1997. Emergency medical
services system in Hong Kong: a pearl in the South China Sea. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 12: 102
Kampen, K.E. et al. 1996. In-field extremity
amputation: prevalence and protocols in emergency medical services. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 11: 63
Katsouyani, K., Kogevinas, M. and Trichopoulos, D.,
1986. Earthquake-related stress and cardiac mortality. International Journal
of Epidemiology 15: 326-330.
Kelly, J.T. 1986. Model for pre-hospital disaster
response. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster
Medicine 2(1-4):
Killian, H. and Graf-Baumann, T., 1981. Cold and
Frost Injuries: Rewarming Damages: Biological, Angiological, and Clinical
Aspects. Springer-Verlag, New York, 250 pp.
Kisselev, A.K. 1990. International Red Cross Response
to the Earthquake in Armenia, December 1988. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 5(2):
Kitka, M.J., Meyer, J.P., Bishara, R.A. et al. 1987.
Crush syndrome due to limb compression. Archives of Surgery 122:
1078-1081.
Klain, M., Ricchi, E., Safer, P. et al. 1989.
Disaster reaminatology potentials: a structured interview study in Armenia:
methodology and preliminary results. Journal of Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 4: 135-154.
Klein, J.S. and Wigelt, J.A. 1991. Disaster management:
lessons learned. Surgical Clinics of North America 71(2): 257-266.
Koegler, R.R. and Hicks, S.M., 1972. The destruction
of a medical centre by earthquake: initial effects on patients and staff. Western
Journal of Medicine (California Medicine) 116: 63-67.
Koegler, R.R. and Hicks, S.M., 1972. The destruction
of a medical centre by earthquake: initial effects on patients and staff. California
Medicine 116: 63-67.
Koehler, G.A., Foley, D. and Jones, M. 1992. A
computer simulation of a California casualty collection point used to respond
to a major earthquake. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 7(4): 339-347.
Koenig, K.L. and Schultz, C.H. 1994. Advances in
local disaster response. In Young, G.P. (ed.) ACEP Critical Decisions in
Emergency Medicine 9(24):95-105.
Koenig, K.L. and Schultz, C. 1994. Local disaster
preparedness: a lesson from Northridge. Emergency Medical News 16(2).
Koenig, K.L. and Schultz, C.H. 1994. Disaster
medicine: advances in local catastrophic disaster response. Academic
Emergency Medicine 1:133-136.
Korver, A.J.H. 1987. Relief work in the wave of the
Cyclone KamiSy. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 3(1):
Korver, A.J.H. 1987. Training in disaster medicine. Journal
of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine 3(2):
Koslowski, L. 1985. Emergency and disaster medicine:
assignments and perspectives. Journal of the World Association of Emergency
and Disaster Medicine 1(3):
Kravis, T.C. and Warner, C.G., eds., 1987. Emergency
Medicine: A Comprehensive Review (2nd edition). Aspen Systems Corporation,
Rockville, Maryland, 1432 pp.
Lamberg, L. 1996. Children and families need help
after disasters. Journal of the American Medical Association 275(22):
1714-1715.
Landesman, L.Y. and Leonard, R.B. 1993. Three years
later: emergency physician's knowledge, beliefs, and actions. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 8(1): 39-44.
Le Guern, E., Tazieff, H. and Faiure, P.R., 1982. An
example of health hazards: people killed by gas during a phreatic eruption:
Dieng Plateau (Java, Indonesia), February 20, 1979. Bulletin of Volcanology
45(2): 153-156.
Lechat, M.F., 1976. The epidemiology of disasters. Proceedings
of the Royal Society of Medicine 69: 421-426.
Lechat, M.F. 1974. An epidemiologist's view of
earthquakes. In Solnes, J. (ed.) Engineering Seismology and Earthquake
Engineering. Noordhoff, Leiden: 285-306.
Legome, E., Robins, A. and Rund, D.A. 1995. Injuries
associated with floods: the need for an international reporting scheme. Disasters
19(1): 50-54.
Leor, J., Poole, W.K. and Kloner, R.A. 1996. Sudden
cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. New England Journal of Medicine
334(7): 413-419.
Leor, J. and Kloner, R.A. 1996. The Northridge
earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of
Cardiology 77(14): 1230-1232.
Levi L, et al. 1997. Does number of beds
reflect the surgical capability of hospitals in wartime and disaster? The use
of a simulation technique at a national level. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 12: 300
Levi, L., Bregman, D., Geva, H. and Revach, M. 1998.
Hospital disaster management simulation system. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 13(1): 29_34.
Lew, E.O. and Wetli, C.V. date? Mortality from
Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Forensic Science 41(3): 449-452.
Liebovich, M., 1983. The December 2, 1982, tornado of
Saline and Pulaski Counties: implications for injury previention. Journal of
the Arkansas Medical Society 80: 98-102.
Linerooth, J., 1976. Methods for evaluating mortality
risk. Futures 8(4): 293-304.
Linnabary, R.D. 1993. Environmental disasters and
veterinarians' response. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 202(7): 1091-1093.
Logue, J.N., Melick, M.E. and Hansen, H., 1981.
Research issues and directions in the epidemiology of health effects of
disasters. Epidemiological Reviews 3: 140-162.
Lomnitz, C. 1970. Casualties and behavior of
populations during earthquakes. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America
60: 1309_1313.
Lueth, H.C., 1957. Emergency medical, hospital and
nursing care. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
309: 142-150.
Mackenzie, E.J., 1984. Injury severity scales:
overview and directions for future research. American Journal of Emergency
Medicine 2: 537-549.
MacKenzie, E.J., Shapiro, S. and Eastham, J.N. 1985.
The abbreviated injury scale and injury severity score: levels of inter- and
intra-rater reliability. Medical Care 23(6): 823-835.
MacMahon, A.G. and Jooste, M., eds., 1980. Disaster
Medicine. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town, 409 pp.
Maharaj. S.R. et al. 1994. The role of medical
schools in disaster preparedness. Tropical Doctor 24: 115-119.
Mahoney, R.F., 1965. Emergency and Disaster
Nursing. Macmillan, New York, 236 pp.
Mahoney, L. and Reutershan, T. 1987. Catastrophic
disasters and the design of disaster medical care systems. Annals of
Emergency Medicine 16: 1085-1091.
Malilay, J. et al. 1995. Mortality and
morbidity patterns associated with the October 12, 1992, Egypt earthquake. Earthquake
Spectra 11(3): 457_476.
Mancini, M.R., 1981. Emergency Care and the Law.
Aspen Systems Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, 255 pp.
Mandelbaum, I., Nakrwold, D. and Boyer, D.W., 1966.
Management of tornado casualties. Journal of Trauma 6: 353-361.
Manni, C. and Magalini, S.I., eds., 1985. Emergency
and Disaster Medicine. Springer-Verlag, New York, 511 pp.
Manni, C. et al. 1989. Disaster medicine: a
new discipline or a new approach. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
4(2):
Mariano, J.P. 1987. Disaster preparedness: municipal
medical organization and management. Journal of the World Association of
Emergency and Disaster Medicine 3(2):
Martin, T.R., Butler, J. and Wehner, A.P. 1986.
Evaluation of physical health-effects due to volcanic hazards: the use of
experimental systems to estimate the pulmonary toxicity of volcanic ash. American
Journal of Public Health 76(S): 59-65.
Masellis, M. and Gunn, S.W.A. (eds) 1992. The
Management of Mass Burn Casualties and Fire Disasters. Kluwer, Dordrecht,
339 pp.
Mason, J.K. 1984. The importance of autopsy in major
disasters. Acta Med Leg Soc 34: 43-50.
Mason, J.O., Kingston, R.W. Pretto Jr., E.A. and
Safar, P. 1992. Physicians and disaster preparedness. Journal of the
American Medical Association 267(5): 654-655.
Menoni, S., Meroni, F., Pergalani, F., Petrini, V.,
Luzi, L. and Zonno, G. 2000. Measuring the seismic vulnerability of strategic
public facilities: response of the health_care system. Disaster Prevention
and Management 9(1): 29_38.
Mentnech, P.R., Miles, J., Mull, S. and Olenchock, T.
19??. Health implications of the Mount St Helens eruption: laboratory
investigations. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 26(1-4): 921-933.
Michaelson, M., Taitelman, U. and Burzstein, S. 1984.
Management of crush syndrome. Resuscitation 12: 141-146.
MMR 1997. Tornado disaster _ Texas, May 1997. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report 46(45): 1069-1073.
MMR 1994. Tornado disaster _ Alabama, March 27 1994. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report 43(19): 356-359.
MMWR 1997. Tornado disaster: Texas, May 1997. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report 46(45): 1069-1074.
Mock, E.F. et al. 1997. Feedback to emergency
medical services providers: the good, the bad, and the ignored. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 12: 145
Moore Jr, R.M., Davis, Y.M. and Kaczmarek, R.G. 1992.
The role of the veterinarian in hurricanes and other natural disasters. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences 653: 367-375.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1989. Medical
examiner/coroner reports of deaths associated with hurricane Hugo _ South
Carolina. Journal of the American Medical Association 262(22):
3111-3112.
Muller, J.E. and Verrier, R.L. 1996. Triggering of
sudden death _ lessons from an earthquake. New England Journal of Medicine 334(7):
460-461.
Nabbe, F.C., 1963. Disaster Nursing.
Littlefield and Adams, Paterson, New Jersey, 74 pp.
NAEMSP 1993. Ethical challenges in emergency medical
services: a special contribution of the Ethics Committee, National Association
of Emergency Medical Services Physicians Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
8: 179-
Nancekievill, D.G. 1989. Disaster management:
practice makes perfect. British Medical Journal 298(6672): 477-477.
Narad, R.A. et al. 1996. A decentralized
trauma system design for a rural area. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
11: 134
Nathan, A.R. et al. 1992. Effects of a major
earthquake on calls to regional poison control centres. The Western Journal
of Medicine 156(3): 278-280.
Neff, J.L., 1977. Responsability for the delivery of
emergency medical services in a mass casualty situation: the problem of
overlapping jurisdictions. Mass Emergencies 2: 179-188.
Nguyen L.H., et al. 1997. Examining self_perceived
first_aid abilities after the Northridge earthquake. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 12: 293
Nissan, S. and Eldar, R. 1971. Organization of
surgical care of mass casualties in civilian hospital. Journal of Trauma 11:
974_978.
Noji, E.K., Armenian, H.K. and Oganessian, A.P. 1990.
Case-control study of injuries due to earthquake in Soviet Armenia. Annals
of Emergency Medicine 19: 449.
Noji, E.K. 1993. Analysis of medical needs during
disasters caused by tropical cyclones. Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene 96: 370-376.
Noji, E.K. 1989. Training of search and rescue teams
for structural collapse events: a multidisciplinary approach. In Ohta, M.,
Ukai, T. and Yamamoto, Y. (eds) New Aspects of Disaster Medicine Herushu
Publishing Co., Tokyo, 150-155.
Noji, E.K. 1989. The 1988 earthquake in Soviet
Armenia: implications for earthquake preparedness. Disasters 13:
255-262.
Noji, E.K. 1990. Prophylaxis of acute renal failure
in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. New England Journal of Medicine 323:
550-551.
Noji, E.K. (in press). Analysis of medical needs in
disasters caused by tropical cyclones: The need for a uniform injury reporting
scheme. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Noji, E.K. 1991. Natural disasters. Critical Care
Clin. 7: 271-292.
Noji, E.K. (ed.) 1997. The Public Health
Consequences of Disasters. Oxford University Press, New York, 468 pp.
Noji, E.K. and Sivertson, K.T., 1987. Injury
prevention in natural disasters: a theoretical framework. Disasters 11(4):
290-296.
Noji, E.K. (in press). Natural disaster management.
In: Auerbach, P.S. and Geehr, E.C. (eds), Management of Wilderness and
Environmental Emergencies (3rd edn) Mosby-Year Book, St Louis.
Noji, E.K. 1989. Medical and healthcare aspects of
the 1988 earthquake in Soviet Armenia. Earthquake Spectra Supplement:
101-107.
Noji, E.K. 1992. Disaster planning and operation in
the emergency department. In Schwartz, G.R., Cayten, C.G., Mangelsen, M.A. et
al. (eds), Principles and Practice of Emergency Medicine (3rd ed.). Lea
& Febiger: Philadelphia: 3170-3188.
Noji, E.K., Kelen, G.D., Armenian, H.K., et al. 1990.
The 1988 earthquake in Soviet Armenia: A case study. Annals of Emergency
Medicine 19: 891-897.
Noji, E.J. 1992. Disaster epidemiology: challenges
for public health action. Journal of Public Health Policy 13: 332-340.
Noji, E.K. 1991. The medical consequences of
earthquakes: co-ordinating the medical and rescue response. Disaster
Management 4(1): 3-11.
Noji, E.K. 1991. Medical consequences of earthquakes:
Coordinating medical and rescue response. Disaster Management 4: 32-40.
Noji, E.K. and Toole, M.J. 1997. The historical
development of public health responses to disasters. Disasters 21(4):
366-376.
Noji, E., Armenian, H.K. and Oganessian, A. 1993.
Issues of rescue and medical care following the 1988 Armenian earthquake. International
Journal of Epidemiology 22(6): 1070-1076.
Noji, E.K. et al. 1993. Issues of rescue and medical
care following the 1988 Armenian earthquake. International Journal of
Epidemiology 22(6): 1070-1075.
Noji, E.K. 1990. Training of search and rescue teams
for structural collapse events: a multidisciplinary approach. In Ohta, M. (ed.)
Modern Disaster Medicine: 150-155.
Noji, E.K. 1992. Acute renal failure in natural
disasters. Renal Failure 14: 245-249.
Norcross, E.D. 1993. Impact of a hurricane on
surgical services in a university hospital. The American Surgeon 59:
28-33.
Oechsli, F.W. and Buechly, R.W. 1970. Excess
mortality associated with three Los Angeles September hot spells. Environmental
Research 3: 277-284.
Olsen, K.B. and Fruchter, J.S. 1986. Identification
of the physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic hazards. American
Journal of Public Health 76(S): 45-52.
Olser, T. 1993. Injury severity scoring: perspectives
in development and future directions. American Journal of Surgery 165(2A
Supplement): 43S-51S.
Orth, G.L., 1959. Disaster and disposal of the dead. Military
Medicine 124: 505
Ortíz, M.R., Román, M.R., Latorre, A.V. and Soto,
J.Z., 1986. Brief description of the effects on health of the earthquake of 3rd
March 1985--Chile. Disasters 10(2): 125-140.
Osawa, Y. 1987. Countermeasures against earthquake
disasters in relation to medical treatment in Japan. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 3(1): 99-101.
Oxtoby, M.J., Broome, C.V. and Pinzon, M.R. 1986.
Late mortality in Nevado del Ruiz victims. In: Disaster Chronicles, 4, The
Volcanic Eruption in Columbia, November 13, 1985. Pan American Health
Organization, Washington, D.C.1986: 144-160.
PAHO 1995. Establishing a Mass Casualty Management
System. Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Pan American Health Organization,
Washington, D.C.
PAHO 1990. International Health Relief Assistance:
A Guide for Effective Aid. Pan American Health Organization, Washington,
D.C.
PAHO 1993. Mitigation of Disasters in Health
Facilities: Vol. 1, General Issues; Vol. 2, Administrative Issues; Vol. 3,
Architectural Issues; Vol. 4, Engineering Issues. Pan American Health
Organization, Washington, D.C.
Palafox, J., Pointer, J.E., Martchenke, J.,
Kleinrock, M. and Michaelis, J. 1993. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: issues
in medical control. Journal of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8:
291-297.
Palmer, E.L. 1980. Student reactions to disaster. American
Journal of Nursing 80: 680_682.
Parshley, P.E., Kiessing, P.J., Antonius, J.A. et
al., 1982. Pyroclastic flow injury, Mount St Helens, May 18, 1980. American
Journal of Surgery 143: 565-568.
Paton, D. and Purvis, C. 1995. Nursing in the aftermath
of disaster: orphanage relief work in Romania. Disaster Prevention and
Management 4(1): 45_54.
Pepe, P.E. 1989. The past, present and future of
emergency medical services disaster medicine: future challenges. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 4(1):
Perez, E. and Thompson, P. 1995. Natural hazards:
causes and effects: volcanoes. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 10(2):
126-135.
Perez, E. and Thompson, P. 1995. Natural hazards:
causes and effects: floods. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 10(4):
290-303.
Pesola, G., Bayshtok, V. and Kvetan, V., 1989.
American critical care team at a foreign disaster site: the Armenian
experience. Critical Care Medicine 17(6).
Petri, R. W. et al. 1995. The effect of prehospital
transport time on the mortality rate from traumatic injury. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 10(1): 24-29.
Philen, R.M., Combs, D.L., Miller, L., Sanderson,
L.M., Parrish, R.G. and Ing, R. 1992. Hurricane Hugo-related deaths: South
Carolina and Puerto Rico, 1989. Disasters 16(1): 53-59.
Phreaner, D., Jacoby, I., Drier, S. and McCoy, N.
1994. Disaster preparedness of Home health care agencies in San Diego County. Journal
of Emergency Medicine 12: 811_818.
Pointer, J. et al. 1992. The Loma Prieta earthquake:
impact on patient care. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21: 1228-1233.
Pokorny, M. 1987. Disaster planning in the Emergency
Medical Service (EMS). Journal of the World Association of Emergency and
Disaster Medicine 3(2):
Pollander, G.S. and Rund, D.A. 1989. Analysis of
medical needs in disasters caused by earthquakes: the need for a uniform injury
reporting scheme. Disasters 13: 365-369.
Polsky, S.S. and Weigland, J.V. 1990. Quality
assurance in emergency medical service systems. Emergency Clin. North
America 8: 75-85.
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1995. Disaster
preparedness and response as primary health care. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 10: 223-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1995. Liability
immunity as a legal defence for recent emergency medical services system
litigation. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 10: 82-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1994. Determinants
of on-scene time in injured patients treated by physicians at the site. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 9: 178-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1995. The effect of
prehospital transport time on the mortality from traumatic injury. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 10: 24-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1994. In the Shadow
of El Chichon: Overview of the medical impact of the 28 March to 4 April 1982
Eruptions of the Mexican Volcano. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9:
58-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1995. Pediatric
emergency care systems: planning and management. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 10: 64-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1993. After
Hurricane Andrew: an EMS perspective. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
8: 169-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1995. Hospital
application of the incident management system. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 10: 184-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1994. Emergency
medical services liability litigation in the United States: 1987 to 1992. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 9: 214-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1993. The role of
the health sectors in disaster preparedness: floods in southeastern China 1991.
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8: 173-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1995. The impact of
variation in trauma care times: urban versus rural. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 10: 161-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1995. Incorporating
drugs and devices into emergency medical services systems. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 10: 189-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1993. Guidelines
for rescue training of the lay public. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
8: 151-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1996. Resolutions
of the National Association of State Emergency Medical Services Directors,
1995. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11: 239
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1994.
Post-preparedness medical disaster response in Costa Rica. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 9: 96-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1994. Hospital
disaster preparedness in Osaka, Japan. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
9: 94-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1993.
Recommendations for life-supporting first-aid (LSFA) training of the lay public
for disaster preparedness. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8: 157-
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1994. Ethics in
disaster medicine. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9: 4-
Pretto, E.A. and Safar, P. 1991. National medical
response to mass disasters in the United States: are we prepared? Journal of
the American Medical Association 266(9): 1259-1262.
Pretto, E.I.A. et al. 1992. Disaster
reanimatology potentials: a structured interview study in Armenia. III.
Results, conclusions, and recommendations. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
7(4):
Quarantelli, E.L., 1970. The community general
hospital: its immediate problems in disasters. American Behavioural
Scientist 13: 14-18.
Quarantelli, E.L., 1983. Delivery of Emergency
Medical Services in Disasters: Assumptions and Realities. Irvington
Publishers, New York, 177 pp.
Quarantelli, E.L. 1983. The delivery of disaster
emergency medical services: recommendations from systematic field studies. Disaster
Medicine 1: 41_44.
Quayle, R. and Doehring, F. 1981. Heat stress: a
comparison of indices. Weatherwise 34: 1210-1224.
Quenemoen, L.E., Davis, Y.M., Malilay, J., Klitzman,
S., Sinks, T. and Noji, E.K. 1996. The World Trade Center bombing: injury
prevention strategies for high_rise building fires. Disasters 20(2):
125-132.
Quinn B., Baker R. and Pratt J. 1994. Hurricane
Andrew and a pediatric emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine
23(4): 737-741.
Raker, J.W., 1956. Emergency Medical Care in
Disasters: A Summary of Recorded Experience. National Academy of Science,
Washington, D.C., 75 pp.
Raker, J.W. and Friedshaw, H.J., 1960. Disaster-scale
medical care problems: a study of medical management of casualties resulting
from a tornado in Dallas, Texas. Journal of the American Medical Association
173: 1239-1244.
Raker, J.W. and Friedsam, H.J. 1960. Disaster-scale
medical care problems. Journal of American Medical Association 17.
Rayner, J.F. 1958. How do nurses behave in disaster? Nursing
Outlook 6: 572-576.
Reis, N.D. and Dolev, E., eds., 1989. Manual of
Disaster Medicine: Civilian and Military. Springer-Verlag, New York, 505
pp.
Reissman SG. 1997. Privatization and emergency
medical services. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12: 22
Reitherman, R. 1986. How to prepare a hospital for an
earthquake. Journal of Emergency Medicine 4: 119-131.
Ressler, E.M., Boothby, N. and Steinbock, D., 1987. Unaccompanied
Children: Care and Protection in Wars, Natural Disasters and Refugee Movements.
Oxford University Press, New York, 346 pp.
Reutershan, T.P. 1986. National Disaster Medical
System. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine
2(1-4):
Reyes, L.M. 1993. The Philippines. A successful
provincial hospital disaster plan. Stop Disasters 14: 9.
Ricci, E.M. et al. 1991. Disaster
reanimatology potentials: a structured interview study in Armenia II. Method
for evaluation of medical response to major disasters. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 6(2):
Rice, M.L. 1986. Organizing an effective hospital
disaster committee. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and
Disaster Medicine 2(1-4):
Richards, R. 1989. Hurricane Gilbert devastated Caribbean
medical school. CMAJ 140.
Richards, N.T., Tattershall, J., McCann, M. et al.
1989. Dialysis for acute renal failure due to crush injuries after the Armenian
earthquake. British Medical Journal 298: 443-445.
Roces, M.C., White, M.E., Dayrit, M.M. and Durkin,
M.E. 1992. Risk factors for injuries due to the 1990 earthquake in Luzon,
Philippines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 70: 509-514.
Rosen, P., et al., eds., 1988. Emergency Medicine:
Concepts and Clinical Practice (2nd edition). Mosby, St Louis, Missouri,
2303 pp (2 vols.).
Roshal, L.M. 1991. An international system for
organizing emergency surgery, intensive care and acute orthopedic aid to
children in extreme situations. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 6(4):
Royal Society 1993. Medicine in the International
Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. Royal Society and Royal Society of
Engineering, London.
Rund, D.A. and Rausch, T.S. 1981. Triage. C.V.
Mosby, St Louis, Mo.
Russbach, R., 1990. International assistance
operations in disaster situations. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 5(3):
247-249.
Safar, P., Ramos, V., Mosquera, J. and Ames, A. 1987.
Anecdotes on resuscitation potentials following the earthquake of 1970 in Peru.
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 3(1):
Safar, P. 1986. Resuscitation potentials in mass
disasters. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2: 34-47.
Samardjieva, E. and Oike, K. 1992. Modelling the
number of casualties from earthquakes. Journal of Natural Disaster Science
14(1): 17-28.
Sanchez-Carrillo, C.I. 1989. Morbidity following
Mexico City's 1985 earthquakes: clinical and epidemiological findings from
hospitals and emergency units. Public Health Reports 104: 483-488.
Sapir, D.G. 1993. Health effects of earthquakes and
volcanoes: epidemiological and policy issues. Disasters 17(3): 255-262.
Sapir, D.G. and Panaccione, V.C. 1992. Health sector
implications of the 1988 earthquake in Yunnan Province, China. Disasters
16(2): 145-151.
Savage, P. 1977. Hospital disaster planning. In Easton,
K. (ed.) Rescue Emergency Care. William Heinemann Medical Books, London.
Savage, P.E.A., 1979. Disasters: Hospital Planning.
Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Saylor, L.F. and Gordon, J.E., 1957. The medical
component of mass disasters. American Journal of Medical Sciences 234:
342
Scanlon, J. and Hiscott, R. 1994. Despite
appearances, there could be a system: mass casualties and the Edmonton tornado.
International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12(2): 215-239.
Schmidlin, T.W. and King, P.S. 1994. Risk factors for
death in the 27 March 1994 Georgia and Alabama tornadoes. Disasters
19(2): 170_177.
Schultz, C.H., Koenig, K.L. and Noji, E.K. 1996. A
medical disaster reponse to reduce immediate mortality after an earthquake.
(Review Article) New England Journal of Medicine 334(7): 438-444.
Schultz, C.H., Koenig, K.L. and Noji, E.K. 1996. A
medical disaster response to reduce immediate mortality after an earthquake. New
England Journal of Medicine 334(7): 438-444.
Schwartz, T.J. 1986. Model for pre-hospital disaster
response. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster
Medicine 2(1-4):
Scott, S. and Constantine, L.M. 1990. When natural
disaster strikes. American Pharmacy NS30(11): 27-31.
Seaman, J., Leivesley, S. and Hogg, C., 1984. Epidemiology
of Natural Disasters (Contributions to Epidemiology and Biostatistics, vol.
5). S. Karger, Basel, 177 pp.
Selden, B.S., Schnitzer, P.G. and Nolan, F.X. 1990.
Medicolegal documentation of prehospital triage. Annals of Emergency
Medicine 19: 547-551.
Seliger, J.S. and Simoneau, J.K., 1986. Emergency
Preparedness: Disaster Planning for Health Facilities. Aspen, Rockville,
Maryland, 248 pp.
Seraj, M.A. 1987. Management of heat stroke patients:
a study of three years' experience. Journal of the World Association of
Emergency and Disaster Medicine 3(2):
Shahar, I.B. 1993. Disaster preparation and the
functioning of a hospital social work department during the Gulf War. Social
Work in Health Care 18: 3_4, 147_159.
Shamer, J. et al. 1992. Organization of
international medical disaster relief forces. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 7(3):
Sheng Zhi-Yong, 1987. Medical support in the Tangshan
earthquake: a review of the management of mass casualties and certain major
injuries. Journal of Trauma 27(10): 1130-1135.
Shoaf, K., Sareen, H.R., Nguyen, L.H. and Bourque,
L.B. 1998. Injuries as a result of California earthquakes in the past decade. Disasters
22(3): 218-235.
Simon, D. et al. 1989. A new method for
simulated mass casualty evaluation: the Beilinson hospital exercise. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 4(2):
Sklar, D.P. 1994. Emergency medicine. (Contempo 1994)
Journal of the American Medical Association 271(21): 1665-1666.
Sklar, D.P. 1987. Casualty patterns in disaster. Prehospital
and Disaster Medicine 2:
Sklar, D.P. 1994. Emergency medicine. Journal of
the American Medical Association 271(21): 1665-1666.
Smith, G.S. 1989. Development of rapid epidemiologic
assessment methods to evaluate health status and delivery of health services. International
Journal of Epidemiology 18(Supplement 2): 2-15.
Smith, D.I., Handmer, J.W. and Martin, W.C. 1980. The
Effects of Floods on Health: Hospital Admissions for Lismore. Australian National
University, Canberra, Australia.
Smith, D.I., Handmer, J., and Martin, W. 1980. The
Effects of Floods on Health: Hospital Admission for Lismore. Australian
National University, Canberra.
Smith, R.A., Traum, C.C. and Poole, L.H. 1977. The
provision of primary care during a period of natural disaster or large scale
emergency. Mass Emergencies: 19_23.
Smith, G.S. and Barss, P.G. 1991. Unintentional
injuries in developing countries: the epidemiology of a neglected problem. Epidemiological
Reviews 13: 228-266.
Smith, D., 1957. Emergency mass care. Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social Science 309: 118-131.
Smith, G.S. 1990. The physician's role in injury
prevention: beyond the Preventive Services Task Force Report. Journal of
General Internal Medicine 5: S67-S73.
Soberón, G., Frenk, J. and Sepúlveda, J., 1986. The
health care reform in Mexico before and after the 1985 earthquake. American
Journal of Public Health 76: 673-680.
Solez, K. et al. 1993. International dialysis aid in
earthquakes and other disasters. Kidney International 44: 479-483.
Solez, K., Eliahou, H., Yamamoto, Y., Noji, E.K., et
al. (in press). Special report: current status of international planning for
dialysis aid in disaster situations. Kidney International.
Staes, C. et al. 1994. Deaths due to flash floods in
Puerto Rico, January 1992: implications for prevention. International
Journal of Epidemiology 23(6): 968-975.
Stallings, R.A. 1975. Differential response of
hospital personnel to a disaster. Mass Emergencies 1: 47-54.
Stallings, R.A. 1970. Hospital adaptations to
disaster: flow models of intensive technologies. Human Organization 29:
294-302.
Stojanovski, P. and Dong, W. 199?. Simulation model
for earthquake casualty estimation.
Stop Disasters 1996. Disaster mitigation in
hospitals. Stop Disasters 28: 23.
Stratton S.J., et al. 1996. The 1994 Northridge
earthquake disaster response: the local emergency medical services agency
experience. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11: 162-
Stratton, S. 1992. Triage by emergency medical
dispatchers. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 7(3):
Stueland D. et al. 1997. A self assessment of
Wisconsin prehospitaI provider needs. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
12: 264
Tan, C. 1991. A criterion for calling an earthquake
alert: forecasting mortality for various kinds of earthquakes. Earthquake
Research in China 5(1): 83-93.
Task Force on Quality Control of Disaster Management,
World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 1996. Disaster medical
response research: a template in the Utstein style. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 11: 82.
Task Force on Pediatric Disaster Medicine, World
Association of Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1992. International children's
center for disaster medicine: a proposal. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
7(3):
Taylor, V., ed., 1977. The delivery of emergency
medical services in disasters. Mass Emergencies 2: 135-204.
Thiel, C.C., Jr, Hiatt, D., Schneider, J. and Durkin,
M.E. 1992. Emergency response in Santa Cruz County in the Loma Prieta
earthquake. Journal of Pre-Hospital Care and Disaster Medicine.
Thiel, C.C., Schneider, J.E., Hiatt, D. and Durkin,
M.E. 1992. 9_1_1 EMS Process in the Loma Prieta Earthquake. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine 7(4):
Thiel, C.C., Schneider, J.E., Hiatt, D. and Durkin,
M.E. 1992. 911 EMS process in the Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 7(4): 348-358.
Thygerson, A.L., 1979. Disaster Survival Handbook.
Brigham Young University Press, Provo, Utah, 248 pp.
Tierney, K.J., 1985. Emergency medical preparedness
and response in disasters: the need for interorganizational co-ordination. Public
Administration Review 45 (special issue): 77-84.
Tierney, K. and Quarantelli, E.L. 1989. Needed
innovation in the delivery of emergency medical services in disasters: present
and future. Disaster Management 2: 70_76.
Tierney, K.J. and Taylor, V.A., 1977. EMS delivery in
mass emergencies: preliminary research findings. Mass Emergencies 2:
151-158.
Toole, M.J. and Waldman, R.J. 1990. Disasters. Encyclopedia
Britannica Medical Health Annual: 288-294.
Toole, M.J. et al., 1990. Prevention of excess
mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries. Journal
of the American Medical Association 263(24): 3296-3302.
Trevisan, M., Celentano, E.., Meucci, C., Farinaro,
E., Jossa, F., Krogh, V., Giumetti, D., Panico, S., Scottoni, A. and Mancini,
M., 1986. Short-term effect of natural disasters on coronary heart disease risk
factors. Arterosclerosis 6: 491-494.
Tsuzuki, N. et al. 1987. Emergency medical
service systems (EMSS) in Tokyo: special reference to the Masakazu disaster
program. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 3(1):
Umidova, Z.I., Aripdzhanov, A.A., Timbekova, Z.K.,
Mukhamedshina, A.G. and Burleva, S.M., 1968. Peculiarities in the course of
heart attacks during the Tashkent earthquake of 1966-1967. Cardiology 2,
25-27.
Villarreal, M.S. 1997. Quality management tool for
mass casualty emergency responses and disasters. Prehospital and Disaster
Medicine 12: 200
Villazon-Sahagun, A. 1986. Mexico City earthquake:
medical response. Journal of the World Association of Disaster Medicine:
2(1-4), 15-20.
Wagner, R.M., Jones, N.P., Smith, G.S. and Krimgold,
F. 1994. Study methods and progress report: a case-control study of physical
injuries associated with the earthquake in the County of Santa Cruz. In
Tubbesing, S.K. (ed.) The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17,
1989: loss estimation procedures. U.S. Geological Society Professional Paper
1553A: 39-61.
Ward, D.G. Emergency plan validation for hospital
through table top exercising. Stop Disasters 14: 17.
Ward, M.E. 1986. An inexpensive medical aid unit for
major disasters. Journal of the World Association of Emergency and Disaster
Medicine 2(1-4):
Weddle, M. and Prado_Monje, H. 1999. Utilization of
military support in the Hurricane Marilyn response: Implications for future
military_civilian cooperation. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14(2):
81_86.
Whitney, J.M., 1958. Disaster management: preventive
medicine and public health. Military Medicine 123: 181
Whittaker, R., Fareed, D., Green, P., Barry, P. and
Borge, A., 1974. Fletes-Barrios earthquake disaster in Nicaragua: reflections
on the initial management of massive casualties. Journal of Trauma 14(1):
37-43.
Wilkins, E.W., Jr., et al. (eds) 1989. Emergency
Medicine: Scientific Foundations of Current Practice (3rd edition),
Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1111 pp.
Willemain, T. and Larson, R. 1978. Emergency
Medical Systems Analysis: The Planning and Evaluation of Services.
Lexington Books (D.C. Heath), Lexington, Massachusetts.
Wood_Heath, M. 1992. The National Casualty Bureau
project. Disaster Prevention and Management 1(2):
World Health Organization 1989. Coping With
Natural Disasters: The Rôle of Local Health Personnel and the Community.
World Health Organization, Albany, New York, 98 pp.
World Health Organization 1996. Health Laboratory
Facilities in Emergency and Disaster Situations. World Health Organization,
Alexandria, Egypt, 168 pp.
Worsing, R.A., Jr., ed., 1990. Basic Rescue and
Emergency Care. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Chicago,
Illinois, 361 pp.
Worth, M.F. and Stroup, J., 1977. Some observations
on the effects of the EMS law on disaster related delivery systems. Mass
Emergencies 2: 159-168.
Wright, J.E., 1977. The prevalence and effectiveness
of centralized medical responses to mass casualty disasters. Mass
Emergencies 2: 189-194.
Yamabe, H., Hanaoka, J., Funakoshi, T., Iwahashi, M.,
Takeuchi, M., Saito, K., Kawashima S. and Yokoyama, M. 1996. Deep negative T
waves and abnormal cardiac sympathetic image (123I MIBG) after the Great
Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. American Journal of Medical Science 311(5):
221-224.
Yoshimura, N., Nakayama, S., Nakagiri, K., Azami, T.,
Ataka, K. and Ishii, N. 1996. Profile of chest injuries arising from the 1995
southern Hyogo Prefecture earthquake. Chest 110(3): 759-761
Zeballos, J.L., 1986. Health aspects of the Mexico
earthquake, 19th September 1985. Disasters 10(2): 141-149.
Zeballos, J.L. 1993. Effects of natural disasters on
the health infrastructure: lessons from a medical perspective. Bulletin of
the Pan American Health Organization 27(4).
Zhi-Yong, S. 1987. Medical support in the Tangshan
earthquake: a review of the management of mass casualties and certain major
injuries. Journal of Trauma 27: 1130-1135.