(1) What and when was the Big Bang? Offer one piece of evidence for the expanding universe.
(2) Describe the structure of an atom (element). How do the different types of elements differ?
(3) All matter on earth is made up of elements (and combinations of elements). How were the elements produced?
(4) Discuss the process by which the solar system formed? Why do we have relatively dense, rocky inner planets and lower-density, icy outer planets?
(5) What are two hypotheses for how water came to exist at the surface of Earth and i our atmosphere?
(6) Draw a cross-section of Earth. Label the major "compositional" breaks (crust, mantle, core, hydroshpere, atmosphere) and show their depths.
(7) How did Earth come to have these compositional subdivisions, and when did they form?
(8) On your cross-section of Earth, show the subdivision than can be made on the basis of physical or mechanical properties (i.e. solid, liquid, plastic, rigid, etc...). Label te depths.
(9) Earth's interior is hot, and heat is continuously emanating from the planet. Explain the origin of the heat in the Earth. (It probably came from a combination of sources.) What is the difference between convection of heat and conduction of heat from the earth.
(10) See the nine questions on page 45.
1) Which terrestrial planet has the least atmospheric envelope? A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Mars E) Pluto -Answer: __
2) The atomic number of an element is its number of A) molecules. B) electrons. C) atoms. D) protons. E) neutrons. -Answer: __
3) Light energy released when an electron cascades to a lower energy level is a(an) A) photon. B) proton. C) orbital shell. D) neutron. E) nucleus. -Answer: __
4) The most abundant element in the universe is A) helium. B) iron. C) lithium. D) carbon. E) hydrogen. -Answer: __
5) If the number of neutrons in the nuclei of atoms of a given element is changed, then A) the atoms become ions. B) the atomic number of the element will change. C) the number of protons will also change. D) the atoms become isotopes. E) the number of electrons will change. -Answer: __
6) Nuclear fusion occurs when A) two oppositely charged nuclei are brought together. B) two or more neutral atoms are forced together. C) two positively charged nuclei are brought together. D) two bonded positively charged nuclei are broken apart. E) gravitational attraction causes two asteroids to collide. -Answer: __
7) In the famous Einstein equation E = mc to power of (2), the terms E, m, and c stand for A) Einstein, mass, convection. B) Einstein, moles, ecentigrade. C) Equation, meters, carbon. D) Energy, meters, ecentigrade. E) Energy, mass, light velocity. -Answer: __
8) Which of these elements must be the product of a supernova? A) carbon B) beryllium C) oxygen D) silver E) lithium -Answer: __
9) The Solar System planet which fits neither with the terrestrial nor giant planets is A) Uranus. B) Pluto. C) Neptune. D) Saturn. E) Mercury. -Answer: __
10) The planets in our Solar System can be divided into two groups. These groups are A) the inner terrestrial and outer plutonic. B) distinguished mainly on the basis of their diameters. C) the inner plasmatic and outer pneumatic. D) determined by the number of moons each planet has. E) the inner terrestrial and outer giant. -Answer: __
11) Spectral analysis of these objects tells us about early Solar System composition. A) asteroids B) comets C) moons D) planets -Answer: __ For the following descriptons, select the appropriate planet from the choices provided.
12) Largest planet in the Solar System A) Mars B) Mercury C) Jupiter D) Pluto E) Earth -Answer: __
13) Smallest planet in the Solar System A) Mars B) Mercury C) Jupiter D) Pluto E) Earth -Answer: __
14) Planet closest to the asteroid belt A) Mars B) Mercury C) Jupiter D) Pluto E) Earth -Answer: __
15) Innermost terrestrial planet A) Mars B) Mercury C) Jupiter D) Pluto E) Earth -Answer: __
16) Most massive terrestrial planet A) Mars B) Mercury C) Jupiter D) Pluto E) Earth -Answer: __
17) The only planet which does not follow Bode's Law of planetary spacing is A) Pluto. B) Earth. C) Saturn. D) Jupiter. E) asteroid belt. -Answer: __
18) Geologists now think that the Earth is approximately how many years old? A) 6000 B) 4.6 million C) 4.6 billion D) 100 million E) 10 to 20 billion -Answer: __ For the following questions, select the Earth zone that agrees with the chemical description.
19) Metallic iron A) core B) mantle C) crust D) hydrosphere E) atmosphere -Answer: __
20) High density silicate rock A) core B) mantle C) crust D) hydrosphere E) atmosphere -Answer: __
21) Least dense zone A) core B) mantle C) crust D) hydrosphere E) atmosphere -Answer: __
22) Water zone A) core B) mantle C) crust D) hydrosphere E) atmosphere -Answer: __
23) Low density silicate rock A) core B) mantle C) crust D) hydrosphere E) atmosphere -Answer: __
24) The mass of the Moon is 7 þ 10 to power of (25) g, and its volume is 2 x 10 to power of (25) cm to power of (3). What is its average density? A) 14 g/ cm to power of (3) B) 1.4 g/ cm to power of (3) C) 33.4 g/ cm to power of (3) D) 3.34 g/ m to power of (3) E) 3.34 g/ cm to power of (3) -Answer: __
25) Compared to the crust, Earth's mantle is depleted in A) calcium. B) aluminum. C) sodium. D) potassium. E) all of the above -Answer: __
26) Differentiation is a process where A) lithospheric plates float on the asthenosphere in terrestrial planets. B) Earth separated into layers or zones of different chemical composition. C) the planets of our solar system condensed and accreted. D) oxide and sulfide minerals separated in Earth's crust. E) all of the above -Answer: __
27) The __________ theory states that the universe began as a very small, very hot volume of space containing an enormous amount of energy. A) Big Bang B) Big Bust C) Big Crunch D) Plate Tectonics E) Uniform -Answer: __
28) Over time, Earth's internal temperature has A) remained constant. B) decreased linearly. C) increased exponentially because of radioactive decay. D) decreased exponentially. E) increased linearly. -Answer: __
29) Most of Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere originated A) in release from the rocky interior. B) from comet impacts. C) from the vaporization of early life. D) directly from the heat of fusion when Earth formed. E) only within the last 100 million years. -Answer: __
30) Which of these methods or data have NOT been used to determine the composition of Earth's core? A) whole Earth density B) direct sampling C) seismic studies D) precession pattern of spin axis E) meteorite composition -Answer: __
31) The heat source which fuels plate tectonics today is primarily A) radioactivity. B) tidal friction. C) pressure. D) the cooling core. E) stored impact heat. -Answer: __
32) Which future event will be the first to devastate Earth's biosphere? A) end of plate tectonics B) Earth spirals into Sun C) runaway greenhouse on Earth D) Sun becomes red giant E) hydrosphere freezes -Answer: __