(1) What is mass wasting?... and what is the difference between falls, slides, slumps and flows?
(2) How is a lahar different from other types of mass wasting?
(3) Sketch a slump in cross-section showing zones of accumulation and depletion.
(4) Describe two ways that water acts to destabilize hillsides
(5) Draw a sketch of the hydrologic cycle (system) using arrows to show the various pathways that water (in one form or another) flows through the system.
(6) Define "geomorphic age" and then use river valley shapes as an example.
(7) Discuss the feedback between river processes and mass wasting.
(8) Describe the two processes involved with movement of a glacier? How do these processes contribute to erosion of underlying rock?
(9) If stakes on the surface of a glacier move downhill with time, how can this glacier actually be "retreating"... (i.e glacier getting smaller or shorter).
(10) What is the Milankovitch cycle (orbital variations) and how is it important in influencing glaciations on Earth? What other factors might play a role in causing or ending glacial events?
(11) Discuss the relative roles of wind and water as agents of erosion, transport, and deposition in deserts? What role does each play?
(12) What is the difference
between emergent and submergent coasts, and what would be some characteristics
of each? Bring passive vs. active margins into this.
1) An object will slide downhill when frictional force is overcome by A) gravity. B) water. C) the tangential force. D) W cos q. E) slope.
2) Water promotes mass wasting by A) lubricating rock. B) adding weight. C) weakening grain bonds. D) expanding soils. E) all of the above
3) A rockslide is an example of mass wasting by A) fall. B) freak out. C) slide. D) flow. E) flip.
4) Most rockfalls are of material already weakened by A) mechanical weathering. B) chemical weathering. C) gravity. D) glaciers. E) earthquakes.
5) A mass wasting feature in which the transported mass is coherent is A) a mudflow. B) a lahar. C) a slump. D) permafrost. E) a talus pile.
6) During mass wasting by flow, A) material moves downhill as discrete blocks. B) material falls freely in air. C) only bedrock moves. D) individual particles move downhill independently of one another. E) slumps form.
7) The stabilizing feature, or anchor, for a slump-type landslide is its A) head scar. B) curved slip plane. C) rotated top. D) toe. E) all of the above
8) The principal erosional agent which shapes Earth's surface above sea level is A) running water. B) wind. C) ice. D) mass wasting. E) organic life.
9) 3% of Earth's free water is held in A) glaciers. B) lakes. C) rivers. D) groundwater. E) all of the above
10) The hydrologic cycle is driven by A) evaporation. B) wind. C) solar heat. D) internal heat. E) gravity.
11) The geomorphic development of a particular region is controlled by A) deformation features. B) rock type. C) climate. D) time. E) all of the above
12) An old-age landscape is not likely to have A) waterfalls. B) swamps. C) a wide floodplain. D) meanders. E) oxbow lakes. Match the maturity index of river valleys with the specific descriptions below.
13) Most of the topography is valley slopes A) youthful B) mature C) old-age
14) Narrow valleys with high average elevation A) youthful B) mature C) old-age 15) Broad river floodplain predominates A) youthful B) mature C) old-age
16) The Grand Canyon of the Colorado A) demonstrates rejuvenation. B) is an antecedent stream. C) has incised meanders. D) is youthful cross-section. E) all of the above
17) A sinuously-curved stream valley with no flood plain is a(n) A) meander cutoff. B) oxbow lake. C) unpaired terrace. D) incised meander. E) dogtooth bend.
18) Streams that cut straight downward in the absence of much mass wasting form. A) drainage basins B) staircase erosion C) slot canyons D) peneplanes
19) A tilted sequence of rocks with alternating hard and soft layers will produce a __________ drainage pattern. A) chaotic B) radial C) dendritic D) rectangular E) trellis
20) The lower elevation to which a stream may erode its channel is the A) bottomset. B) headwaters. C) recharge. D) bar. E) base level.
21) The vertical drop in elevation of a stream bed over a given horizontal distance is known as A) discharge. B) flow. C) grade. D) channel shape. E) angle of repose.
22) Which type of drainage pattern would probably be found on an isolated composite volcano? A) trellis B) dendritic C) radial D) peneplane E) braided
23) The present relatively mild climate began about __________ years ago A) 2 million B) 10,000 C) 1 billion D) 65 million E) 150
24) In order to be considered a glacier, a mass of ice must be A) polar. B) greater than 100 km. C) moving. D) high altitude. E) all of the above
25) Glaciers mainly lose ice mass above the firn line through A) thermal melting. B) pressure melting. C) sublimation. D) calving. E) all of the above
26) Sublimation and calving of glaciers occurs in the zone of A) ablation. B) melting. C) accumulation. D) firn production. E) old age.
27) A truncated tributary valley is called a(an) A) ar hat(e)te. B) cirque. C) waterfall. D) hanging valley. E) fjord.
28) A medial moraine A) is on the side of a glacier. B) is at the terminus of a glacier. C) is a ridge of sediment along the middle of a glacier. D) is sediment beneath a glacier. E) is a headache felt mainly in the forehead.
29) Granulated snow weakly cemented by ice is referred to as A) glass. B) calcrete. C) waste. D) firn. E) goop.
30) __________ glacial deposits produce fertile agricultural soils. A) Morainal B) Till C) Loess D) Drumlin E) all of the above
31) If all glaciers melted at the end of a period of glaciation, one of the most likely events would be A) a drop in sea level. B) a drop in the average geothermal gradient of the Earth. C) that nothing would change. D) a rise in sea level. E) a generally cooling of the Earth's atmosphere.
32) The principal characteristic of Earth's deserts is A) high temperature. B) low rainfall. C) sand dunes. D) high winds. E) alluvial fans.
33) Which of these desert features is formed on bedrock by flowing water? A) pediment B) playa lake C) deflation basin D) desert pavement E) alluvial fan
34) "Terminal velocity" is the velocity of a particle that is reached when the acceleration due to gravity is balanced by the resistance of the medium through which the particle is falling. Generally, sand grains have a terminal velocity that is greater than the velocity of upward moving air found in most desert regions. Because of this, sand grains are transported by a process known as A) traction. B) rolling. C) suspension. D) saltation. E) pepperfication.
35) The range in height over which wave erosion can act is controlled mostly by A) beach width. B) global sea level. C) jetties and breakwaters. D) occasional large storms. E) ocean tides.
36) Which of these shoreline features is depositional rather than erosional? A) wave cut platform B) sea cliff C) sea stack D) beach E) arch
37) Passive continental margins are characterized by A) small drainage basins. B) drowned estuaries. C) cliffs. D) many drainage basins. E) steep stream gradients.
38) The dominant overall process in landscape development is erosion.
39) Deposition above sea level dominates the sedimentary record.
40) Mass wasting is the movement of earth material downslope primarily under the influence of water.
41) In talus cones, unlike alluvial fans, the largest particles travel the furthest from their source.
42) Lahars and mud glaciers are associated with the permafrost in arctic regions.
43) Soil creep would be essentially impossible without water.
44) The hydrologic cycle works on a shorter time scale than the rock cycle.
45) River valleys near the bottom of a graded stream profile will be narrow and V-shaped.
46) V-shaped river valleys are formed primarily by mass wasting.
47) Incised meanders are good evidence for geologically recent uplift.
48) Both tectonism and eustatic sea level drop can rejuvenate river systems.
49) Upland valleys in wet climates have steeper sides than those in arid region mountains.
50) Mass wasting is unimportant in arid climates as a valley-widening mechanism.
51) Vegetated slopes are more at risk for mass wasting than barren ones.
52) The steepest portion of a graded stream profile is found at the drainage divide.
53) Streams in a rectangular drainage pattern diverge downhill.
54) Lowland glacial effects are more extensive and pervasive than those of valley glaciers.
55) Deglaciation is relatively rapid compared to glacial onset.
56) Glacial ice is a metamorphic rock
57) Ice will melt when either temperature or pressure increases sufficiently.
58) Basal sliding is the process where entire masses of glacier slides along the bedrock.
59) All of the ice in a glacier moves at the same rate.
60) Glaciers may flow downhill and retreat uphill simultaneously.
61) The firn line of a glacier is lower in lower latitudes.
62) Rock flour is produced by chemical weathering at the base of an ice sheet.
63) Glacial deposits have poor preservation potential.
64) Lateral moraines merge to form a terminal moraine.
65) Morainal debris is often reshaped by rivers into drumlins.
66) Moraines may contain rounded boulders.
67) Evaporation rates in continental polar regions are high.
68) The most effective erosive agent in deserts is wind.
69) Deposition in deserts is sporadic and localized.
70) Waves and tides both accrue their energy from extraterrestrial sources.
71) Winter waves have a higher amplitude and lower wavelength than summer waves.
72) Storm waves lose energy to internal friction over large ocean distances.
73) Both wave erosion and deposition tend to straighten out a coast.
74) Beach material, cobbles and sand, is mostly contributed by river deposition.
75) Tectonic coastlines tend to be dominated by erosion.
76) A change in sea level will move coasts away from the straight equilibrium position.
77) The Pacific coast of the U.S. is characterized by flat coastal regions and drowned river mouths.
78) Raised terraces are characteristic of submergent coastlines.
79) Extensive continental shelves are associated with active plate margins.
80) Sediment is more likely to reach the deep ocean directly on active margins than passive ones.